Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la ingesta, digestibilidad aparente, balance hídrico, balance de nitrógeno y rendimiento productivo en corderos alimentados con ensilaje de nopal asociado con forrajes tropicales. En el experimento se utilizaron 40 corderos machos cruzados intactos, con un peso corporal inicial de 18.85 ± 1.2 kg. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con 5 tratamientos y 8 repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en dietas con diferentes proporciones de pasto buffel y salvado de trigo como fuentes de fibra detergente neutro (FDN), en ensilaje de alimento total (EAT) a base de nopal: EAT1 - 279 g/kg de pasto buffel; EAT2 - 240 g/kg de pasto buffel y 17 g/kg de salvado de trigo; EAT3 - 198 g/kg de pasto buffel y 34 g/kg de salvado de trigo; EAT4 - 108 g/kg de pasto buffel y 74 g/kg de salvado de trigo; EAT5 - 118 g/kg de salvado de trigo. La ingesta más baja de FDN se encontró en corderos que consumieron EAT5 (402 g/día). La digestibilidad aparente de los carbohidratos no fibrosos fue mayor para EAT5, mientras que la digestibilidad aparente de FDN de EAT5 y EAT4 fue mayor que la de EAT1. Las dietas promovieron una ganancia diaria de peso promedio de 180.8 g/día. En condiciones experimentales, el uso de nopal forrajero y concentrado en forma de raciones mixtas totales de ensilaje conduce a una mayor ingesta de proteína cruda, carbohidratos no fibrosos, extracto etéreo y mayor digestibilidad de carbohidratos no fibrosos y fibra detergente neutro, sin embargo, todas las dietas fueron viables en la alimentación de ovinos confinados, proporcionando ganancias de hasta 198 g/d según la formulación de la dieta.

Abstract This study aimed was to evaluate the intake, apparent digestibility, water balance, nitrogen balance, and productive performance in lamb fed cactus pear silage associated with tropical forages. Forty male intact crossbred lambs, with an initial body weight of 18.85 ± 1.2 kg, were used in the experiment. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 5 treatments and 8 replications. The treatments consisted of diets with different proportions of buffelgrass and wheat bran as sources of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in total feed silage (TFS) based on cactus pear: TFS1 - 279 g/kg of buffelgrass; TFS2 - 240 g/kg of buffelgrass and 17 g/kg of wheat bran; TFS3 - 198 g/kg of buffelgrass and 34 g/kg of wheat bran; TFS4 - 108 g/kg of buffelgrass and 74 g/kg of wheat bran; TFS5 - 118 g/kg of wheat bran. The lowest NDF intake was found in lambs that consumed TFS5 (402 g/d). The non-fibrous carbohydrates apparent digestibility was higher for TFS5, while the NDF apparent digestibility of TFS5 and TFS4 was higher than TFS1. Diets promoted an average daily weight gain of 180.8 g/d. Under experimental conditions, the use of forage cactus pear and concentrate in the form of total mixed rations silage leads to greater intake of crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, ether extract and greater digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates and neutral detergent fiber, however, all diets were viable in the feed of confined sheep, providing gains of up to 198 g/d according with the formulation of the diet.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar o impacto da inclusão datorta de licuri na dieta de cordeiros em terminação, mestiços de Santa Inês, com base na analise econômica.Utilizou-se 44 cordeiros, não-castrados, vacinados e vermifugados, com média de seis meses de idade e peso corporal médio de 21,2 kg ± 2,7 Kg. Os cordeiros foram alimentados com 40% feno de Tifton-85 e 60% de uma mistura concentrada composta por grão de milho moído, farelo de soja, premix mineral e inclusão de torta de licuri nos níveis 0; 8; 16 e 24% com base na matéria seca em substituição ao farelo de soja egrão de milho moído, com esses níveis constituindo os tratamentos, utilizando-se 11 cordeiros por tratamento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram confinados por 70 dias. O menor custo operacional e consequente maior lucratividade quando se incluiu a torta de licuri até o nível de 24%. No entanto, a decisão de seu emprego na alimentação de cordeiros vai depender de seu custo no momento da utilização, considerando as possíveis variações de preços dos ingredientes utilizados para formulação das dietas e modelode produção da propriedade rural.

SUMMARY The present study endeavors to determine the impact of the inclusion of licuri tart in the diet of finishing lambs, Santa Inês mestizos, by evaluating the economic parameters. For this purpose, a total of 44 lambs, including both uncastrated as well as vaccinated and wormed lambs, with an average age of six months and a mean body weight of 21.2 kg ± 2.7 kg, were employed. Initially, the lambs were fed on the diet which consisted of 40% Tifton-85 hay and 60% of a concentrated mixture, mainly composed of ground corn grain, soybean meal, mineral premix, being further followed by the inclusion of the licuri cake at four different levels (a) 0.0, (b) 8.0,(c) 16.0, and (d) 24% with respect to the dry matter. Principally, the soybean meal and milled corn were replaced by the licuri cake with these levels, thereby constituting four treatments and 11 replicates (11 lambs per treatment) in a completely randomized design. Further, for subjecting the lambs to the above mentioned four different levels of treatment, the lambs were confined for 70 days. The analysis of various economic parameters revealed that upon including the licuri cake up to the level of 24%, the operation cost decreases, which in turn results in higher profitability. However, its cost at the time of use will eventually determine its use for feeding lambs, because of the possible price variations of the ingredients used to formulate the diets along with the model of production of the rural property.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físicas de um solo com pastagem de capim-tanzânia (Megathyrsus maximus) fertilizado com nitrogênio mineral ou consorciado com a leguminosa estilosantes 'Campo Grande' (Stylosanthes spp.), submetido a pastejo contínuo e à taxa de lotação variável, em uma cronossequência de três anos. Os tratamentos foram: capim-tanzânia e estilosantes; e capim-tanzânia adubado com 75, 150 e 225 kg ha-1 de N por ano. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (primeiro, segundo e terceiro anos experimentais). Foram avaliadas, anualmente, as seguintes propriedades do solo: densidade do solo, porosidade no domínio dos macroporos, capacidade de armazenamento de água e ar do solo e resistência do solo à penetração. Após três anos, a maior taxa de lotação animal, em razão do aumento da produção de forragem, não afetou as condições físicas do solo. O consórcio de pastagem de capim-tanzânia com a leguminosa apresenta valores de capacidade de armazenamento de água e ar do solo próximos aos ideais (0,66 e 0,34, respectivamente). Após o segundo ano experimental, ocorre decréscimo dos valores de resistência do solo à penetração, que ficam abaixo do limite crítico de 2.500 kPa. O consórcio de capim-tanzânia com o estilosantes 'Campo Grande' pode ser uma alternativa interessante para a manutenção e o melhoramento das condições físicas do solo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical properties of a soil with a 'Tanzânia' grass (Megathyrsus maximus) pasture fertilized with mineral nitrogen or intercropped with the legume 'Campo Grande' (Stylosanthes spp.), and subjected to continuous grazing and variable stocking rate, in a three-year chronosequence. The treatments were: 'Tanzânia' grass and Stylosanthes; and 'Tanzânia' grass fertilized with 75, 150, and 225 kg ha-1 N per year. The experiment was carried out in an Oxisol, in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, in split plots divided according to time (first, second, and third experimental years). The following soil properties were assessed annually: soil bulk density, porosity in the soil macropore domain, soil water and air storage capacity, and soil penetration resistance. After three years, the highest animal stocking rate due to increased forage yield did not affect the soil physical conditions. The intercrop of 'Tanzânia' grass with the legume shows values of soil water and air storage capacity close to the ideal ones (0.66 and 0.34, respectively). After the second experimental year, there is a decrease in the penetration resistance values, which are inferior to the critical limit of 2,500 kPa. The intercropping of 'Tanzânia' grass with stylosanthes 'Campo Grande' can be a remarkable alternative for the maintenance and improvement of soil physical conditions.

O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar as características morfogenéticas do Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Tanzânia sob o efeito de doses crescentes de nitrogênio (N) nas estações do ano, em pastejo intermitente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos completos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, encontravam-se as doses de N (0, 150, 300 e 450 kg ha-1 de N) e, nas subparcelas, as estações do ano (outono, inverno, primavera e verão). A adubação nitrogenada exerceu efeito positivo nas taxas de alongamento e aparecimento foliar, e no número de folhas vivas em plantas de capim-Tanzânia nas estações da primavera e verão. Elevadas adubações nitrogenadas associadas a intervalos menores de pastejo promovem maior porcentagem de lâmina foliar, no manejo de pastos de capim-Tanzânia em lotação rotacionada com altura de 70 cm na entrada dos animais para o pastejo e saída com 30 cm de altura do resíduo.

The morphogenetic and structural characteristics, coupled to forage production of Tanzania grass with nitrogen (N) doses during the seasons of the year, at intermittent grazing, were analyzed. The experimental design consisted of a totally randomized block with split plots and four replications. The plots comprised 0, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1 N levels, whereas the sub-plots were the seasons. Urea was applied three times on the pasture and had a positive effect on the rates of leaf elongation and emergence and on the number of live leaves of Tanzania grass in the spring and summer. High nitrogen fertilization associated with shorter grazing intervals triggered a higher percentage of leaf blades in the management of Tanzania grass under rotational stocking at a height of 70 cm on the admittance of animals for grazing and their exit at 30 cm stubble height.

<p>As perdas gasosas são os principais fatores de ineficiência do uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados nas pastagens. Com o objetivo de estimar a perda N-NH₃ por volatilização foi realizado um experimento com capim Tanzânia adubada com ureia nas estações de outono, primavera e verão. Adotou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo com quinze repetições. Nas parcelas, as doses de N-ureia (50, 100 e 150 kg ha^-1 de N-ureia) e, nas subparcelas, o período depois da adubação nitrogenada (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias). A interação entre o nível de adubação e o período depois da aplicação de ureia foi significativa para a variável volatilização acumulada de N-NH₃. A aplicação da ureia acarreta perdas percentuais mais elevadas de N nos três primeiros dias após a aplicação. A perda média acumulada de N-NH₃ no período para as três estações do ano representou 28%, 20% e 16% do N aplicado nas adubações com 50, 100 e 150 kg ha^-1 de N-ureia, respectivamente. A estação do ano influenciou no padrão e na quantidade das perdas, com menores valores encontrados na primavera, seguidos do verão e outono. A perda acumulada de N-NH₃ por volatilização variou de 78 a 90% até o terceiro dia após aplicação do total perdido.</p>

<p>Gaseous losses are the main factors affecting the efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers in pastures. To evaluate NH₃-N volatilization losses in Tanzania grass fertilized with urea in autumn, spring and summer, a completely randomized design with repeated measurements over time and fifteen replicates was used. Plots were represented by urea levels (50; 100 and 150 kg ha^-1 N) and subplots by time after fertilization (1; 2; 3; 6; 9; 12 and 15 days). The interaction between fertilization leveland time after urea application was significant for the accumulated NH₃-N volatilization. Urea application leads to higher percentage N losses in the first three days after application. The average cumulative NH₃-N loss for the three occasions (different seasons of the year) was 28%, 20% and 16% of N applied for fertilizer doses of 50; 100 and 150 kg ha^-1of N, respectively. The season of the year influenced NH₃-N loss pattern and volume, with the lowest values recorded in spring, followed by summer and autumn. The cumulative NH₃-N volatilization loss varies from 78 to 90% up to the third day after application of the total N-NH3 loss.</p>

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics and chemical composition of Longissimusmuscle (LM) of the bulls. Twenty-four Nellore bulls were used in a complete randomised design. The bulls were randomly assigned to one of the three diets containing 0, 5 or 12% glycerin. Final BW and ADG were similar (P>0.05) between the bulls fed with 5 or 12% of glycerin but were higher (P<0.10) compared to the bulls fed without glycerin. DMI and feed efficiency was not affected (P>0.05) by glycerin level. Hot carcass weight increased (P<0.10) when glycerin was fed at 5%. Glycerin level did not affect (P<0.05) the dressing percentage and fat thickness. LM increased (P<0.10) when glycerin was fed at 12%. Dietary glycerin did not affect (P>0.05) the conformation, colour, texture, marbling and pH. There was difference (P>0.05) for moisture, ashes and crude protein among glycerin levels. Bulls fed 12% glycerin present the highest (P<0.03) total lipids on LM. The percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated acids (PUFA), n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and PUFA/SFA and n-6:n-3 ratios of the LM were similar among the diets. In conclusion, glycerin level did not affect the animal performance and carcass characteristics of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot.

Com o objetivo de verificar o nível mais adequado de inclusão da torta de dendê no concentrado de vacas em lactação a pasto, utilizaram-se 16 vacas multíparas leiteiras cruzadas das raças Gir e Holandês, com peso médio de 436,6kg (±59,7) em delineamento experimental quadrado latino, com as vacas distribuídas em quatro quadrados latinos, 4x4 simultâneos (quatro tratamentos x quatro períodos x quatro animais em cada tratamento). Foram avaliados a degradabilidade ruminal e o balanço energético em condições de pastejo, suplementado com concentrado, que continham os níveis de 0; 25; 50 e 75% de torta de dendê. Os valores das frações A, B e c na MS da torta de dendê foram 2,41, 66,65 e 0,0272% respectivamente. As degradabilidades potencial (DP) e efetiva (DE) da MS da torta de dendê foram: DP (69,06%), DE 2%/h (40,84%); 5%/h (25,91%) e 8%/h (19,34%), as frações B e I, 66,65% e 30,94% respectivamente. A disponibilidade energética para lactação e o consumo líquido de energia diminuíram linearmente com a inclusão de torta de dendê. O balanço energético, embora positivo, correlacionou-se negativamente com os todos os níveis inclusão de torta de dendê. O melhor nível de inclusão da torta de dendê é o zero. Contudo, na prática pode-se indicar o nível de 25% de torta de dendê no suplemento concentrado para vacas em lactação a pasto pela proximidade dos valores de disponibilidade energética com o nível mais adequado (0% torta de dendê).

With the objective to verify the most appropriate level of palm kernel cake inclusion in the concentrate of dairy cows on pasture, 16 multiparous dairy cows crossbreed Gir and Holstein were used, with average weight of 436.6kg (±59.7) in latin square design, with the cows distributed in four Latin squares (4 x 4 simultaneous; four treatments x four periods x four animals in each treatment). Ruminal degradability and energy balance were evaluated under grazing conditions, supplemented with concentrate, containing levels of 0, 25, 50 and 75% of palm kernel cake. The values of fractions A, B and C in DM of palm kernel cake were 2.41, 66.65% and 0.0272 respectively. Potential and effective degradability of DM of palm kernel cake were: PD (69.06%) of ED 2%/h (40.84%) 5%/h (25.91%) and 8%/h (19.34%), fractions B and I, 66.65% and 30.94% respectively. Energy availability for lactation and net energy intake linearly decreased with palm kernel cake inclusion. Energy balance although positive was negative correlated to all levels of palm kernel cake inclusion. The best level of palm kernel cake inclusion is zero. However, in practice, it can be indicated the level of 25% of palm kernel cake in concentrate supplement for lactating cows on pasture, by the proximity of energy availability values with the most appropriate level (0% palm kernel cake).

The objectives of this study were to evaluate morphogenetic characteristics and tillering dynamics in Tanzania grass fertilized and non-fertilized with nitrogen, under intermittent grazing, in the spring and the summer. The main plots were composed of four nitrogen rates (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha) and the subplots were growth seasons: spring (October, November and December) and summer (January, February and March). The experimental design was of randomized block with plots subdivided by time (seasons of the year) and four replications. Urea was used as nitrogen supply and was divided into two applications: one in the spring and another in the summer. The experimental units fertilized with N rates of 200 and 300 kg/ha showed six cycles of pasture, with an average of 27 days of pasture interval, while the treatments with no fertilization and 100 kg/ha of N showed only four and five cycles of pasture, respectively. Leaf elongation rate (LER) and the leaf appearance rate (LAR) increased linearly with increasing of N rates. The greatest population density occurred in summer with the higher nitrogen rates. The treatment without N fertilization showed the lowest growth of tiller population, while the other treatments exhibited growth rates above 50% when compared with non-fertilized samples. Nitrogen rates significantly affect the leaf appearance rate and the leaf elongation rate, as well as the number of live leaves in plants of Tanzania grass in both spring and summer.

O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar a composição botânica e química do pasto de Coastcross + Arachis pintoi; Coastcross + Arachis pintoi com 100kg/ha de nitrogênio (N); Coastcross + Arachis pintoi com 200 kg/ha de N; e Coastcross com 200kg/ha de N, nos períodos de inverno, primavera, verão e outono. Utilizouse delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com os tratamentos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com duas repetições (blocos). Avaliouse as percentagens de lâmina foliar verde, colmo+bainha verde, material morto e Arachis pintoi, bem como a razão folha/colmo (RF:C), além dos teores de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca. A utilização de 200kg/ha de N proporcionou a maior percentagem de lâmina foliar verde (32%) e de colmo+bainha verde (58%), porém com redução nas percentagens de material morto (10%). No outono e no verão houve maiores percentagens de lâmina foliar e redução do material morto. Na primavera houve maior percentagem da leguminosa na massa de forragem. A adubação nitrogenada exclusiva ou associada ao Arachis pintoi aumentou os teores de proteína bruta e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e reduziu o teor de fibra em detergente neutro da Coastcross. A associação entre leguminosa, adubação nitrogenada e condições climáticas favoráveis, proporciona melhor composição botânica e valor nutritivo do pasto consorciado.

This study aimed to evaluate the botanical and chemical composition of pasture Coastcross + Arachis pintoi; Coastcross + Arachis pintoi with 100kg/ha of nitrogen (N); Coastcross + Arachis pintoi with 200kg/ha N, and Coastcross with 200kg/ha N, in the of winter, spring, summer and fall. The experimental design was randomized blocks with treatments in a splitplot with two replications (blocks). We evaluated the percentage of green leaf, stem green, dead material and Arachis pintoi as well as the ratio leaf / stem (RL: S), in addition to crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and in vitro digestibility dry matter. The use of 200kg/ha N gave the highest percentages of leaf green (32%) and stem + sheath green (58%), but with a reduction in the percentage of dead material (10%). In the autumn and summer there were higher percentages of leaf and reduced dead material. In the spring there was a higher percentage of legume in the forage mass. Nitrogen fertilization exclusively or associated with Arachis pintoi increased in vitro digestibility of dry matter and crude protein content and reduced content of Coastcross neutral detergent fiber. The association between legume nitrogen and favorable climatic conditions, provides improved botanical composition and nutritive value of pasture intercropping.

Objetivando-se avaliar os componentes de produção e a produtividade da cultura do milho em função da adubação, com diferentes doses de Zn (Zinco), e NPK (nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio), realizou-se este trabalho nos municípios de Palotina - PR, em Argissolo Vermelho - Amarelo eutrófico e Marechal Cândido Rondon - PR, em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 3x3 constituindo três doses de adubação NPK: sem adubação; uma vez (30-100-50 kg ha-1), e duas vezes a recomendação de adubação (60-200-100 kg ha-1), com base na análise do solo. Outro fator em estudo foi o Zn, em diferentes doses: 0,0; 5,0 e 10,0 mg dm-3. As parcelas corresponderam a 3,6 m de largura por 6 m de comprimento. Foram semeadas 4 linhas espaçadas com 0,9 m, utilizando-se como parcela útil as 2 linhas centrais, descartando-se 1,5 m de bordadura. A população de plantas foi de 6,5 sementes, por metro linear. Com relação à adubação de NPK (nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio), obteve-se aumento significativo para os componentes: número de grãos, massa de 1000 grãos e a produtividade, sendo a dose 60-200-100 kg ha-1 a que proporcionou os melhores resultados no Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico e no Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico, proporcionou aumento significativo na massa de 1000 grãos e na produtividade. Em relação à adubação com o Zn, não obteve-se aumento significativo, nos dois solos, entre os tratamentos para os componentes avaliados e a produtividade. Com este trabalho, pode-se concluir que a adubação com NPK aumentou a produtividade da cultura nos dois solos e na adubação com Zn não se obteve diferenças de produtividade, para a cultura do milho.

It's with the purpose of evaluating the production components and the corn crop productivity due fertilization with different doses of Zn (Zinc) an NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), this research has been done over the municipalities of Palotina-PR, on Eutrophic Red-Yellow Argissol and Marechal Cândido Rondon - PR, on Red Eutroferric Latossol. The treatments were arranged on a factorial scheme 3x3 constituting three doses of fertilization NPK: no fertilization, once (30-100-50 kg ha-1) and twice the fertilization recommended (60-200-100 kg ha-1), based on the soil analysis. Another factor under studying was the Zn in different doses: 0,0; 5,0 and 10,0 mg dm-3. Such parcels were corresponded to 3,6 m width by 6 m length. It were sowed 4 spaced lines with 0,9 m, using as a useful parcel the 2 central lines discarding 1,5 m of edging. The plant population was about 6,5 seeds by linear meter. Considering the NPK fertilization it was gotten a considerably increase for the components of seeds number, 1000 seeds mass and the productivity, being the dose 60 - 200 - 100 kg ha-1 the one that has given the best results on Red Eutroferric Latossol and on Eutrophic Red-Yellow Argissol that has given a considerably increase on the 1000 seeds and productivity. According to the fertilization with Zn, it has not given a considerably increase on both soils among the treatments for the evaluated components and productivity. With this word it can be concluded that the fertilization with NPK increased the crop productivity on both soils while the fertilization with Zn differences were not gotten over corn crop productivity.